Everything about Milton Keynes totally explained
Milton Keynes (; ) is a large town in
South East England, about north-west of
London. It is also the principal town of the
Borough of Milton Keynes, itself part of
ceremonial Buckinghamshire. It was formally designated as a
new town on
23 January 1967. Its area incorporated the existing towns of
Bletchley,
Wolverton and
Stony Stratford along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. It took its name from the existing
village of Milton Keynes, a few miles east of
the planned city centre. Uniquely for the
United Kingdom, the urban form uses a 1 km grid for the top level of
street hierarchy: the local form of most districts is more conventional.
At the 2001 census the population of the Milton Keynes urban area, including the adjacent town of
Newport Pagnell, was 184,506, and that of the wider Borough, which has been a
unitary authority independent of Buckinghamshire since 1997, was 207,063 (compared with a population of around 53,000 for the same area in 1961).
History
Birth of a "New City"
In the 1960s, the Government decided that a further generation of
new towns in the South East was needed to relieve housing congestion in
London, where thousands of people were still living in dilapidated
Victorian terraces which lacked many basic amenities.
Since the 1950s,
overspill housing for several
London boroughs had been constructed in
Bletchley. Further studies in the 1960s identified north Buckinghamshire as a possible site for a large new town, a new city, encompassing the existing towns of Bletchley,
Stony Stratford and
Wolverton. The New Town (informally, "New City") was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000, in a 'designated area' of . The name "Milton Keynes" was taken from the existing
village of Milton Keynes on the site.
The site was deliberately located equidistant from London,
Birmingham,
Leicester,
Oxford and
Cambridge with the intention that it would be self-sustaining and eventually become a major
regional centre in its own right.
Planning control was taken from elected
local authorities and delegated to the
Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC).
The Corporation's strongly
modernist designs featured regularly in the magazines
Architectural Design and the
Architects' Journal. MKDC was determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier
New Towns and revisit the
Garden City ideals. They set in place the characteristic grid roads that run between districts and the intensive planting, lakes and parkland that are so evident today. Central Milton Keynes wasn't intended to be a traditional
town centre but a business and shopping district that supplemented the Local Centres in most of the Grid Squares. This non-hierarchical devolved city plan was a departure from the English New Towns tradition and envisaged a wide range of industry and diversity of housing styles and tenures across the city. The largest and almost the last of the British New Towns, Milton Keynes has stood the test of time far better than most, and has proved flexible and adaptable. The radical grid plan was inspired by the work of Californian urban theorist
Melvin M Webber (1921-2006), described by the founding architect of Milton Keynes, Derek Walker, as the "father of the city". Webber thought that telecommunications meant that the old idea of a city as a concentric cluster was out of date and that cities which enabled people to travel around them readily would be the thing of the future achieving "community without propinquity" for residents. With both
car ownership and ever more emphasis on
e-commerce, his ideas, launched in the 1960s, have proved far-sighted, rarely more so than in Milton Keynes.
Moving to maturity
The Government wound up MKDC in 1992, transferring control to the Commission for New Towns (CNT) and then finally to
English Partnerships, with the planning function returning to local authority control (since 1974 and the
Local Government Act 1972, the
Milton Keynes Borough Council, which was subsequently made a
unitary authority in the 1990s). Most recently, the Government has assigned significant planning control to
English Partnerships, charging it with increasing the population beyond to 300,000 by 2030. The
Milton Keynes Partnership has also been formed, charged with co-ordinating the necessary and sometimes conflicting interests across the community as Milton Keynes enters its next phase.
Along with many other towns and boroughs, Milton Keynes competed for formal
city status in the 2000 and 2002 competitions, but wasn't successful.
Prior history
The area that was to become Milton Keynes encompassed a landscape that has a rich historic legacy. The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages, but with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the
Bronze Age. Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of south-central England. There is evidence of
Iron Age,
Romano-British,
Anglo-Saxon,
Anglo-Norman,
Medieval and
Industrial revolution settlements. Collections
(External Link
) of
oral history covering the 20th century completes a picture that's described in detail at the
main article.
When the boundary of Milton Keynes was defined, some 40,000 people lived in three towns and seven villages in the "designated area" of 21,833 acre (88.4 km²).
Urban design
» The concepts that heavily influenced the design of the town are described in detail in article urban planning - see 'cells' under Planning and aesthetics (referring to grid squares).See also article single-use zoning.
Since the radical plan form and large scale of Milton Keynes attracted international attention, early phases of the town include work by celebrated architects, including (Sir) Richard MacCormac, (Lord)
Norman Foster,
Henning Larsen,
Ralph Erskine,
John Winter, and Martin Richardson. The Corporation itself attracted talented young architects led by the young and charismatic Derek Walker. Though strongly committed to sleek "Miesian"
minimalism inspired by the German/ American architect
Mies van der Rohe they also developed a strand of
contextualism in advance of the wider adoption of commercial
Post-Modernism as an
architectural style in the 1980s. In the Miesian tradition were the Pineham Sewage Works, which Derek Walker regarded as his finest achievement, and the Shopping Building designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward, which is widely regarded as the finest twentieth century retail building in Britain (due for major redevelopment in 2007, following the failure of attempts to have it protected as a
Listed building). The contextual tradition that ran alongside it's best exemplified by the Corporation's infill scheme at Cofferidge Close, Stony Stratford, designed by Wayland Tunley, which carefully inserts into a historic stretch of High Street a modern retail facility, offices and
car park. The
Development Corporation also led an ambitious
Public art programme.
Grid squares
Milton Keynes Development Corporation planned the major road layout according to
street hierarchy principles, using a
grid pattern of approximately 1 km interval, rather than on the more conventional
radial pattern found in older settlements. Major roads within the town run between communities, rather than through them: the major roads are known locally as
grid roads and the spaces between them are known as
grid squares. Intervals of 1 km were chosen so that people would always be within walking distance of a
bus stop. Consequently each grid square is a semi-autonomous community, making a unique collective of 100 clearly identifiable neighbourhoods within the overall
urban environment. The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from conventional urban development and industrial parks to original
rural and modern urban and pseudo-rural developments. Most grid squares have Local Centres, intended as local retail hubs and most with community facilities as well. Originally intended under the Master Plan to sit alongside the Grid Roads, the Local Centres were mostly in fact built embedded in the communities and some are becoming unviable as a result of this and pressure from the new hypermarkets.
Roads and cycleways
Roundabout junctions were built at intersections since the grid roads were intended to carry large volumes of traffic: this type of junction is efficient at dealing with these volumes. The major roads are
dual carriageway, the others are single carriageway. Along one side of each single-carriageway grid road, there's a (grassed) reservation to permit duelling or additional transport infrastructure at a later date. The edges of each grid square are landscaped and densely planted, some additionally have
berms. The purpose of the berms is to reduce traffic noise for adjacent residents but traffic noise can be significant at many locations, even some distance from the grid lanes. Traffic movements are fast, with little congestion since there are many alternative routes to a particular destination. The
national speed limit applies on duelled sections of the grid roads (70 mph) and most single carriageway grid roads (60 mph), although some single carriageway
speed limits have now been reduced to 40 mph. Consequently the risk to unwary pedestrians and turning traffic is significant, although pedestrians rarely need to cross grid roads
at grade, as
underpasses exist in several places along each stretch of all of the grid roads. Some pedestrians avoid some of the underpasses through fear or inconvenience, though this isn't typical. Monitoring station data shows that pollution is lower than in other settlements of a similar size. This can be partially attributed to the large number of trees, particularly to the fact that trees line grid roads in most places.
There is a separate
cycleway network (the "
redways") that runs through the grid-squares and sometimes runs alongside the grid-road network. These were designed to segregate slow moving cycle and pedestrian traffic from fast moving motor traffic. In practice, they're mainly used for leisure cycling rather than commuting, mainly because they need to duck under the grid-roads regularly at the underpasses and because they take meandering scenic routes rather than straight lines. Despite what appears to be a desirable facility, rates of cycle commuting in Milton Keynes are well below the national average for urban areas. The
detailed article includes a critical appraisal.
Height
The original design guidance declared that "no building [be] taller than the tallest tree". However, the
Milton Keynes Partnership, in its
expansion plans for Milton Keynes, believes that
Central Milton Keynes (and elsewhere) needs "landmark buildings" and has recently lifted the height restriction for the area. As a result, 14-
storey buildings are now being built in the town centre. Some of the pedestrian underpasses are being closed in order to 'normalise' the townscape of Central Milton Keynes and the character of the area is set to change under government pressure to increase densities of development.
Linear parks
The
flood plains of the
Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the
Ouzel and some brooks) have been protected as linear parks that run right through the town. The
Grand Union Canal is another green route (and demonstrates the level topology of the town - there's just one minor lock in its entire 10 mile route through from
Fenny Stratford to the "Iron Trunk"
Aqueduct over the Ouse at
Wolverton. The
Milton Keynes redway system of cycleways and footpaths uses these and other routes. The
Park system was designed by
landscape architect Peter Youngman, who also developed landscape precepts for the whole town; groups of grid squares were to be planted with different selections of trees and shrubs in order to give them distinct identities. However, the landscaping of parks and of the grid roads was evolved under the leadership of Neil Higson, who from 1977 took over as Chief Landscape Architect and made the original grand but not entirely practical landscape plan more subtle. A policy of creating "settings, strings, beads" for landscape features was introduced: 'settings' for historic villages and landscape features, 'strings' of landscape to make the linear parks hang together and 'beads' of
public space where residents might linger. Higson also made the landscaping of the Grid Roads, one of the glories of Milton Keynes, more subtle, with 'windows' cut into the roadside planting so that motorists travelling through had a sense of the major town they were in; early critics had said of Milton Keynes 'there is no there there', as the town couldn't be seen by the motorist just passing through. The skill and lavish scale of the Grid Road planting makes, now that the trees and shrubs have matured, a dramatic and welcome change from the monotony of many British towns.
"City in the forest"
The original Development Corporation design concept aimed for a "forest city" and its foresters planted millions of trees from its own nursery in Newlands in the following years. As of 2006, the urban area has 20 million trees. Following the
winding up of the Development Corporation the lavish landscapes of the Grid Roads and of the major parks were transferred to The Parks Trust, a
charity which is independent from the municipal authority and which was intended to resist pressures to build on the parks over time. The Parks Trust is endowed with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income of which pay for the upkeep of the green spaces, a town-wide maintenance model which has attracted international attention.
Further development plans
In January 2004,
Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott announced the Government's plan to double the population of Milton Keynes by 2025. He appointed
English Partnerships to do so, taking planning controls away from
Milton Keynes Borough Council and making EP the statutory planning authority. Their proposal for the next phase of expansion moves away from grid squares to large scale, mixed use, higher density development. The
more detailed article expands on the details of their proposals. As the first stage in that plan, the Government expanded the boundaries of the designated area, adding large green-field expansion sites to the east and west that are to be developed by 2015.
As might be anticipated, these plans are controversial – especially as planning control has been removed again from elected local authorities and placed in a central-government appointed body. Changes to Central Milton Keynes have been especially controversial and include the redevelopment of the shopping building, the finest monument of the "new city".
Milton Keynes is at the centre of the
South Midlands area identified by the government for growth.
Culture
The open air
National Bowl is a 65,000 capacity venue for large scale concerts. It is situated off the A5 near Furzton.
The 1,400 seat
Milton Keynes Theatre (External Link) (Blonski-Heard) opened in 1999. Its high booking rate allows it to lay claim to the title "Britain's most popular theatre". The theatre has an unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller scale productions. There are further performance spaces in Bletchley, Wolverton,
Leadenhall,
Shenley Church End,
Stantonbury and
Walton Hall.
The municipal (art) gallery (Milton Keynes Gallery, next to the main theatre) hosts various exhibitions.
In
Wavendon, on the southeast edge of the town,
The Stables provides a venue for
jazz,
blues,
folk,
rock,
classical,
pop and
world music. It is closely associated with jazz artists
Cleo Laine and
John Dankworth. The venue also hosts an annual
summer camp for young musicians.
Another
music venue is
The Pitz Club in the
Woughton Centre, Leadenhall. It usually features a mixture of
punk,
alternative rock, and
heavy metal.
There are two
museums, the
Bletchley Park museum of wartime cryptography, and the
Milton Keynes Museum, which includes the Stacey Hill Collection of rural life that existed before the foundation of the new town.
The town also has a
literature scene, with groups like
Speakeasy meeting regularly and hosting performance events, and the town's only
poetry magazine,
Monkey Kettle coming out three times a year.
Education
The
Open University's headquarters are based in the
Walton Hall district, though as this is a
distance learning institution, the only students resident on campus are approximately 200
postgraduates.
Cranfield University, another postgraduate school, is located just outside the town, in
Cranfield,
Bedfordshire.
Milton Keynes College provides
further education to
Foundation Degree level.
In the early 1990s a purpose built
Polytechnic was opened at Kents Hill in Milton Keynes, opposite the Open University's Walton Hall site. At around the time the existing Polytechnics converted to
Universities, "MK Poly" merged with the former Leicester Polytechnic,
De Montfort University and the site was rebranded the DMU MK site. However in recent years, DMU closed the MK site and the Open University has expanded to take over the buildings.
Milton Keynes Council has identified the lack of a conventional local university as a problem.
As an attempt to rectify this situation, a consortium of surrounding universities including
De Montfort and
Northampton, plus the
Open University and
Milton Keynes College have formed
Universities for Milton Keynes.
Like many parts of the UK, the state secondary schools in Milton Keynes are
Comprehensive schools, although schools in the rest of Buckinghamshire still use the
Tripartite System. Results are above the national average, though below that of the rest of Buckinghamshire – but the
demography of Milton Keynes is also far closer to the national average than is the latter. However 3 of the schools in Milton Keynes (Sir Frank Markham Community School, Leon School and Sports College and The Radcliffe School) were amongst the worse 190 schools in England for GCSE results.
Communications and media
Milton Keynes has one major
commercial radio station dedicated to the area,
Horizon Radio, a member of the G-Cap Media Group. The local
BBC radio station is
BBC Three Counties Radio, which covers Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, but has different programming from the
Bow Brickhill transmitter at breakfast and lunchtime.
Cable Radio Milton Keynes - 89.8fm(CRMK) is a voluntary
cable radio station broadcasting on the Virgin Media Cable Network for Milton Keynes and on the Internet.
For television, the area is in the overlap between the
Oxford and the
Sandy transmitters and so receives
BBC South and BBC East, and ITV
Central and
Anglia. Signal quality is weak in many areas due to distance and "terrain shadow". It was for this reason among others that Milton Keynes has one of the first
Cable TV networks in the UK. However, the cable network is now ageing and in need of modernisation to cope with the imminent digital TV switchover due by 2012; many residents have already opted for roof-top aerials and satellite dishes.
Milton Keynes has two free-to-residents local newspapers, the Milton Keynes Citizen
(External Link), which is twice-weekly, and the MK News
(External Link), a weekly.
Sport
Milton Keynes has professional teams in
football (
Milton Keynes Dons F.C.),
ice hockey (
Milton Keynes Lightning) and in
basketball (
Milton Keynes Lions). It is represented at amateur level in many sports, some at national level. For details see
Sport in Milton Keynes. Milton Keynes is also home to the
Xscape indoor ski slope.
Senior football was a relatively late arrival in Milton Keynes. There had been several non-league teams based in the area over the years, but it wasn't until the late 1990s that it looked as though Milton Keynes would have a senior side. Local Businessman
Pete Winkelman approached several clubs in and near
London about a move to Milton Keynes, as it was by now the largest town or city in England to be without a professional club. He got his wish in May
2002 when
Wimbledon FC were given permission to relocate to Milton Keynes - 62 miles away from their home borough of
Merton. Wimbledon moved into the
National Hockey Stadium in September
2003 as a temporary home until a new, larger stadium could be built. A year later, Wimbledon FC became Milton Keynes Dons, and three years after that they moved into a new 22,000-seat in the
Denbigh district of south Milton Keynes. They hope to have a 32,000 capacity by
2009.
Centre
As a key element of the "New City" vision, Milton Keynes has a purpose built centre, with a very large "covered high street"
shopping centre, theatre,
art gallery, two multiplex cinemas, hotels, business district, ecumenical church,
Borough Council offices and
central railway station.
Other amenities
Original towns and villages
The historical settlements have been focal points for the modern development of the new city. Every grid square has historical antecedents, if only in the field names. The more obvious ones are listed below and most have more detailed articles.
Bletchley was first recorded in the 12th century as
Blechelai.
Its station was a major
Victorian junction (the
London and North Western Railway with the Oxford-Cambridge
Varsity Line), leading to the substantial urban growth in the town in that period. It expanded to absorb the villages of
Water Eaton and
Fenny Stratford.
Bletchley Park was home to the Government Code and Cypher School during the Second World War. The famous Enigma code was cracked here, and the building housed what was arguably the world's first programmable computer, Colossus. The house is now a museum of war memorabilia, cryptography and computing.
The Benedictine Priory at Bradwell was of major economic importance in this area of north Buckinghamshire before the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The routes of the medieval trackways converge on the site from some distance (many of which are now Redways or bridleways). Nowadays, there's only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site.
New Bradwell, to the north of the medieval Bradwell (Abbey) and just across the canal and the railway to the east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers. It has a working windmill. The level bed of the old railway from Newport Pagnell to Wolverton ends here and has been converted to a redway, making it a favourite route for cycling.
Great Linford appears in the Domesday Book as Linforde, and features a church to Saint Andrew dating from 1215. Today, the outer buildings of the seventeenth-century manor house form an Arts Centre, and Linford Manor is a prestigious recording studio.
Milton Keynes Village is the original village to which the New "City" owes its name. The original village is still evident, with a pleasant thatched pub, village hall, church and traditional housing. The area around the village has reverted to its original name of Middleton, as shown on old maps of the 1700s. The oldest surviving domestic building in the area, a fourteenth century manor house, is here.
There has been a market in Stony Stratford since 1194 (by charter of King Richard I). The Rose and Crown Inn at Stratford is reputedly the last place the Princes in the Tower were seen alive.
The manor house of Walton village, Walton Hall, is the headquarters of the Open University and the tiny parish church (deconsecrated) is in its grounds.
The tiny Parish Church (1680) at Willen contains the only unaltered building by the architect and physicist Robert Hooke. Nearby, there's a Buddhist Temple and a Peace Pagoda. The district borders the River Ouzel: there's a large balancing lake here, to capture flash floods before they cause problems down stream on the River Great Ouse. The north basin is a wild-life sanctuary and a favourite of migrating aquatic birds. The south basin is for leisure use, favoured by wind surfers and dinghy sailors. The circuit of the lakes is a favoured "fun run".
The original Wolverton was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town. The Ridge and Furrow pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields and the Saxon (rebuilt in 1819) Church of the Holy Trinity still sits next to the Norman Motte and Bailey site. Modern Wolverton was a 19th century New Town built to house the workers at the Wolverton railway works (which built engines and carriages for the London and North Western Railway).
Economy, Demographics, Geography, Politics
Data on the economy, demographics and politics of Milton Keynes is collected at the Borough level and can be found at Economy of the Borough and Demographics of the Borough. However, since the urban area is predominant in the Borough, it's reasonable to assume that the figures are broadly the same. Milton Keynes is one of the most successful (per capita) economies in the South East, itself the economic powerhouse of the United Kingdom. The population is significantly younger than the national averages. As of 2008, there's effective full employment.
Modern parishes and districts
The Borough of Milton Keynes is fully parished. These are the parishes, and the districts they contain, within Milton Keynes itself. For a list of parishes in the Borough, see Borough of Milton Keynes (Rest of the borough)
Bletchley and Fenny Stratford: Central Bletchley, Denbigh North, Denbigh East, Denbigh West, Eaton Manor, Fenny Stratford, Water Eaton
Bradwell: Bradwell, Bradwell Common, Bradwell village, Heelands, Rooksley
Bradwell Abbey: Bradwell Abbey, Kiln Farm, Stacey Bushes, Two Mile Ash, Wymbush
Broughton and Milton Keynes: Atterbury, Brook Furlong, Broughton, Fox Milne, Middleton (Milton Keynes Village), Northfield, Oakgrove, Pineham
Campbell Park: Campbell Park, Fishermead, Newlands, Oldbrook, Springfield, Willen and Willen Lake, Winterhill, Woolstone
Central Milton Keynes
Great Linford: Great Linford, Neath Hill, Pennyland, Tongwell, Willen Park
Kents Hill, Monkston and Brinklow: Brinklow, Kents Hill, Kingston, Monkston
Loughton: Loughton, Loughton Lodge, Great Holm, Knowlhill including the Bowl
New Bradwell
Shenley Brook End: Emerson Valley, Furzton, Kingsmead, Shenley Brook End, Snelshall, Tattenhoe, Tattenhoe Park, Westcroft
Shenley Church End: Crownhill, Grange Farm, Hazeley, Medbourne, Oakhill, Oxley, Shenley Church End, Woodhill
Simpson: Ashland, Simpson, West Ashland
Stantonbury: Bancroft/Bancroft Park, Blue Bridge, Bradville, Linford Wood, Stantonbury, Stantonbury Fields
Stony Stratford: Fullers Slade, Galley Hill, Stony Stratford
Walton: Brown's Wood, Caldecotte, Old Farm Park, Tilbrook, Tower Gate, Walnut Tree, Walton, Walton Hall, Walton Park, Wavendon Gate
West Bletchley: Bletchley Park, Church Green, Far Bletchley, Old Bletchley, West Bletchley, Whaddon (ward)
Wolverton and Greenleys: Greenleys, Stonebridge, Wolverton, Old Wolverton
Woughton: Beanhill, Bleak Hall, Coffee Hall, Eaglestone, Elfield Park, Leadenhall, Netherfield, Peartree Bridge, Redmoor, Tinkers Bridge, Woughton on the Green, Woughton Park, Woughton village.
Notable people
Errol Barnett, who is an anchor and reporter for Channel One News in the United States, is from Milton Keynes. He lived in Crownhill and attended Holmwood First School and Two Mile Ash Middle School before moving to the U.S..
James Hildreth, cricketer who plays for Somerset and has played for England.
Gordon Moakes, the bassist for the London-based rock band Bloc Party.
Clare Nasir, the meteorologist, TV and radio personality, was born in Milton Keynes in 1970.
Craig Pickering, English sprinter
Sarah Pinborough, English Horror Writer
Mark Randall, professional footballer for Arsenal.
Kevin Whately, actor, is a resident of Milton Keynes
Capdown, the ska punk band, come from and formed in Milton Keynes in 1997
Transport
The Grand Union Canal between London and Birmingham provides a major axis in the design of Milton Keynes.
Milton Keynes is situated on the West Coast Main Line, which served Bletchley railway station and Wolverton railway station before the development of Milton Keynes. These stations are now only served by local services, and the Milton Keynes Central station has been developed between these and serves the town centre. The Marston Vale Line branches from the WCML at Bletchley, and has two stations : Fenny Stratford railway station and Bow Brickhill railway station.
The M1 motorway runs to the east of the town, and is served by junctions 13, 14, and 15A. The A5 road runs through the west of the town. Other main roads include the A509, which links Milton Keynes with Wellingborough and Kettering, and the A421 which goes west to Buckingham and east to Bedford.
Many coaches stop at the Milton Keynes Coachway, beside M1 Junction 14, near a park and ride car park, about 3 miles (5 km) from the centre (3.5 miles from Milton Keynes Central station).
The main bus operator is MK Metro, providing a number of routes which mainly pass through or serve Central Milton Keynes.
Milton Keynes is served by routes 6 and 51 on the National Cycle Network.
The nearest international airport is London Luton Airport which is accessible by route VT99 from MK Central station, this service runs with wheelchair accessible coaches. There is a direct rail connection to Birmingham International Airport. There is an aerodrome at Cranfield, 6 miles (10 km) from the centre.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Milton Keynes'.
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